September 5

What happened that day?

• 2012: An accidental explosion at a Turkish Army ammunition store in Afyon, western Turkey kills 25 soldiers and wounds four others.
• 1996: Hurricane Fran makes landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina as a Category 3 storm with 115 mph sustained winds. Fran caused over $3 billion in damage and killed 27 people.
• 1991: The current international treaty defending indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, comes into force.
• 1990: Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers slaughter 158 civilians.
• 1986: Pan Am Flight 73 with 358 people on board is hijacked at Karachi International Airport.
• 1984: Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.
• 1984: STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery lands after its maiden voyage.
• 1980: The Gotthard Road Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at 10.14 miles (16.32 km) stretching from Göschenen to Airolo.
• 1978: [Camp David](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David) Accords: Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat begin peace discussions at Camp David, Maryland.
• 1977: Voyager Program: NASA launches the Voyager 1 spacecraft.
• 1975: Sacramento, California: Lynette Fromme attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford.
• 1972: Munich massacre: A Palestinian terrorist group called "Black September" attacks and takes hostage 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games. Two die in the attack and nine are murdered the following day.
• 1970: Jochen Rindt becomes the only driver to posthumously win the Formula One World Drivers' Championship (in 1970), after being killed in practice for the Italian Grand Prix.
• 1970: Vietnam War: Operation Jefferson Glenn begins: The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thừa Thiên-Huế Province.
• 1969: [My Lai](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Lai) Massacre: U.S. Army Lieutenant William Calley is charged with six specifications of premeditated murder for the death of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai.
• 1960: Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) wins the gold medal in the light heavyweight boxing competition at the Olympic Games in Rome.
• 1960: Poet Léopold Sédar Senghor is the first elected President of Senegal.
• 1957: Cuban Revolution: Fulgencio Batista bombs the revolt in Cienfuegos.
• 1948: In France, Robert Schuman becomes President of the Council while being Foreign minister; as such, he is the negotiator of the major treaties of the end of World War II.
• 1945: Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese American suspected of being wartime radio propagandist Tokyo Rose, is arrested in Yokohama.
• 1945: Cold War: Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet Union embassy clerk, defects to Canada, exposing Soviet espionage in North America, signalling the beginning of the Cold War.
• 1944: Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux.
• 1943: World War II: The 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment lands and occupies [Lae](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Lae) Nadzab Airport, near Lae in the Salamaua-Lae campaign.
• 1942: World War II: Japanese high command orders withdrawal at Milne Bay, the first major Japanese defeat in land warfare during the Pacific War.
• 1941: Whole territory of Estonia is occupied by Nazi Germany.
• 1938: Chile: A group of youths affiliated with the fascist National Socialist Movement of Chile are executed after surrendering during a failed coup.
• 1937: Spanish Civil War: Llanes falls to the Nationalists following a one-day siege.
• 1932: The French Upper Volta is broken apart between Ivory Coast, French Sudan, and Niger.
• 1927: The first Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoon, Trolley Troubles, produced by Walt Disney, is released by Universal Pictures.
• 1921: Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle party in San Francisco ends with the death of the young actress Virginia Rappe: One of the first scandals of the Hollywood community.
• 1915: The pacifist Zimmerwald Conference begins.
• 1914: World War I: First Battle of the Marne begins. Northeast of Paris, the French attack and defeat German forces who are advancing on the capital.
• 1906: The first legal forward pass in American football is thrown by Bradbury Robinson of St. Louis University to teammate Jack Schneider in a 22-0 victory over Carroll College (Wisconsin)).
• 1905: Russo-Japanese War: In New Hampshire, United States, the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, ends the war.
• 1887: A fire at the Theatre Royal, Exeter, kills 186.
• 1882: Tottenham Hotspur, a Premier League football club from North London, is founded (as Hotspur F.C.).
• 1882: The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City.
• 1877: American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska.
• 1862: American Civil War: The Army of Northern Virginia crosses the Potomac River at White's Ford in the Maryland Campaign.
• 1839: The United Kingdom declares war on the Qing dynasty of China.
• 1836: Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas.
• 1816: Louis XVIII has to dissolve the Chambre introuvable ("Unobtainable Chamber").
• 1812: War of 1812: The Siege of Fort Wayne begins when Chief Winamac's forces attack two soldiers returning from the fort's outhouses.
• 1798: Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan law.
• 1793: French Revolution: The French National Convention initiates the Reign of Terror.
• 1781: Battle of the Chesapeake in the American Revolutionary War: The British Navy is repelled by the French Navy, contributing to the British surrender at Yorktown.
• 1774: First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia.
• 1725: Wedding of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska.
• 1698: In an effort to Westernize his nobility, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a tax on beards for all men except the clergy and peasantry.
• 1697: War of the Grand Alliance : A French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville defeated an English squadron at the Battle of Hudson's Bay.
• 1666: Great Fire of London ends: Ten thousand buildings, including Old St Paul's Cathedral, are destroyed, but only six people are known to have died.
• 1661: Fall of Nicolas Fouquet: Louis XIV Superintendent of Finances is arrested in Nantes by D'Artagnan, captain of the king's musketeers.
• 1590: Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry IV of France to lift the siege of Paris.
• 917: Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.