September 25

What happened that day?

• 2003: The 8.3 Mw Hokkaidō earthquake strikes just offshore Hokkaidō, Japan.
• 1992: NASA launches the [Mars](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars) Observer, a $511 million probe to Mars, in the first U.S. mission to the planet in 17 years. Eleven months later, the probe would fail.
• 1983: Maze Prison escape: Thirty-eight IRA prisoners, armed with six handguns, hijack a prison meals lorry and smash their way out of the Maze prison.
• 1981: Belize joins the United Nations.
• 1978: PSA Flight 182, a Boeing 727, collides in mid-air with a Cessna 172 and crashes in San Diego, killing 144 people.
• 1977: About 4,200 people take part in the first running of the Chicago Marathon.
• 1974: The first ulnar collateral ligament replacement surgery ([Tommy John](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_John) surgery) performed, on baseball player Tommy John.
• 1970: Ceasefire between Jordan and the Fedayeen ends fighting triggered by four hijackings on September 6 and 9.
• 1969: The charter establishing the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation is signed.
• 1964: The Mozambican War of Independence against Portugal begins.
• 1963: Lord Denning releases the UK government's official report on the Profumo Affair.
• 1962: The North Yemen Civil War begins when Abdullah al-Sallal dethrones the newly crowned Imam al-Badr and declares Yemen a republic under his presidency.
• 1962: The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is formally proclaimed. Ferhat Abbas is elected President of the provisional government.
• 1959: Solomon Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka is mortally wounded by a Buddhist monk, Talduwe Somarama, and dies the next day.
• 1957: Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, is integrated by the use of United States Army troops.
• 1956: TAT-1, the first submarine transatlantic telephone cable system, is inaugurated.
• 1955: The Royal Jordanian Air Force is founded.
• 1944: World War II: Surviving elements of the British 1st Airborne Division withdraw from Arnhem in the Netherlands, thus ending the Battle of Arnhem and Operation Market Garden.
• 1942: World War II: Swiss Police instruction dictates that "Under current practice ... refugees on the grounds of race alone are not political refugees", effectively denying entry to Jews trying to flee occupied Europe during the Holocaust.
• 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese Eighth Route Army gains a minor, but morale-boosting victory in the Battle of Pingxingguan.
• 1926: The international Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery is first signed.
• 1915: World War I: The Second Battle of Champagne begins.
• 1912: Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is founded in New York City.
• 1911: An explosion of badly degraded propellant charges on board the French battleship Liberté detonates the forward ammunition magazines and destroys the ship.
• 1906: Leonardo Torres y Quevedo demonstrates the Telekino, guiding a boat from the shore, in what is considered to be the first use of a remote control.
• 1890: The United States Congress establishes Sequoia National Park.
• 1868: The Imperial Russian steam frigate Alexander Nevsky is shipwrecked off Jutland while carrying Grand Duke Alexei of Russia.
• 1804: The Teton Sioux (a subdivision of the Lakota) demand one of the boats from the Lewis and Clark Expedition as a toll for allowing the expedition to move further upriver.
• 1790: Peking opera is born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes introduce Anhui opera to Beijing in honor of the Qianlong Emperor's eightieth birthday.
• 1789: The United States Congress passes twelve amendments to the United States Constitution: The Congressional Apportionment Amendment (which was never ratified), the Congressional Compensation Amendment, and the ten that are known as the Bill of Rights.
• 1775: American Revolutionary War: Ethan Allen surrenders to British forces after attempting to capture Montreal during the Battle of Longue-Pointe. Benedict Arnold and his expeditionary company set off from Fort Western, bound for Quebec City.
• 1690: Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, the first newspaper to appear in the Americas, is published for the first and only time.
• 1555: The Peace of [Augsburg](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg) is signed in Augsburg by Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League.
• 1513: Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches what would become known as the Pacific Ocean.
• 1396: Ottoman Emperor Bayezid I defeats a Christian army at the Battle of Nicopolis.
• 1237: England and Scotland sign the Treaty of York, establishing the location of their common border.
• 1066: The Battle of Stamford Bridge saw the defeat of Harald Hardrada King of Norway by King Harold II of England.
• 762: Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate.
• 275: In Rome (after the assassination of Aurelian), the Senate proclaims Marcus Claudius Tacitus Emperor.